Encephalitis

If you are experiencing encephalitis, please Schedule an appointment with one of our Neurosurgeons as soon as possible.

What Is Encephalitis?

Encephalitis typically results from an infection—most often viral—or from an autoimmune response in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy brain tissue. The condition causes brain swelling, which can disrupt normal brain function and lead to a range of neurological symptoms. Common viruses that may lead to encephalitis include herpes simplex virus (HSV), West Nile virus, and enteroviruses, among others.

In some cases, no clear infectious cause is found, and the condition is labeled autoimmune encephalitis. In these cases, the immune system targets the brain, often as a response to a tumor, infection, or for unknown reasons.

Symptoms of Encephalitis

Symptoms of encephalitis vary depending on the severity and area of the brain affected. They may develop gradually or suddenly and can include:

  • Headache

  • Fever

  • Confusion or disorientation

  • Seizures

  • Sensitivity to light

  • Stiff neck

  • Weakness or loss of coordination

  • Speech or hearing problems

  • Changes in personality or behavior

In severe cases, patients may experience loss of consciousness or fall into a coma.

Diagnosis and Evaluation

Prompt evaluation is critical. Diagnosis often begins with a thorough neurological examination, followed by imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and sometimes an EEG to assess electrical activity in the brain. A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be performed to analyze cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection or inflammation.

At our clinic, we utilize advanced neuroimaging and laboratory diagnostics to rapidly identify the underlying cause and extent of encephalitis.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the underlying cause:

  • Viral encephalitis is often treated with antiviral medications, such as acyclovir.

  • Autoimmune encephalitis may require immunosuppressive therapies including corticosteroids, IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin), or plasmapheresis.

  • Supportive care is also crucial and may involve seizure management, breathing support, or physical therapy during recovery.

Our multidisciplinary team—including neurosurgeons, neurologists, and infectious disease specialists—ensures that patients receive comprehensive, individualized care.

Recovery and Prognosis

Recovery from encephalitis varies widely. Some patients recover fully, while others may experience long-term neurological deficits such as memory issues, speech problems, or physical impairments. Early intervention is key to improving outcomes.

If you would like to speak to an Neurosurgeon, give us a call at 817-697-4038, or contact us over the web. Tele-medicine appointments are also available.